The preventable chronic cardio-metabolic conditions of type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease frequently co-exist in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with high prevalence from a young age, and are major contributors to premature mortality among this high-risk population. Social determinants of health are significant contributors to these chronic conditions and thus to the health disparities between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous Australians. This social disadvantage, together with chronic cardio-metabolic conditions, likely impact on musculoskeletal health, however there are limited available data regarding measurement of bone mineral density or bone strength. Body build and body composition differences have been reported within and between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Whilst Aboriginal people have higher body fat for a given body mass index than Caucasian people; Torres Strait Islander people have higher lean mass and body mass index than Aboriginal peoples. We have reported higher bone mineral density at the femoral neck among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples compared to non-Indigenous adults in Darwin and the Torres Strait. However, in other work, fracture rates have been reported to be higher among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians than non-Indigenous Australians. Thus further work is required to assess bone and muscle strength and fracture risk in diverse populations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples across Australia. It is crucial that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and organisations play a lead role in identifying community needs and priorities, as well as the governance and conduct of this work.